Frankincense and Myrrh: A Comprehensive Guide

What are frankincense and myrrh?

Botanical origins: the trees behind the treasures

Frankincense comes from several species of Boswellia trees, primarily grown across the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa. The most prized varieties include Boswellia sacra (from Oman), Boswellia carterii (from Somalia), and Boswellia serrata (from India).

Myrrh comes from Commiphora trees, with Commiphora myrrha being the most common source. These small, thorny trees thrive in similar arid regions as frankincense.

Both resins form when the tree bark is cut, causing it to release a milky substance that hardens into aromatic “tears” when exposed to air. Harvesters collect these tears after they solidify.

Appearance, aroma, and forms

Resin: Frankincense tears are typically pale yellow to white, sometimes with a greenish tint. They have a lemony, woody scent with pine notes. Myrrh tears are reddish-brown to almost black with a warm, earthy, slightly bitter aroma.

Essential oils: Producers steam-distill the resins to create concentrated oils. Frankincense oil carries bright, clean, and slightly spicy notes. Myrrh oil has a smoky, sweet, sometimes medicinal scent.

Other forms: You’ll also find these resins as powders, tinctures, and supplements for various uses.

Key active compounds: a glimpse into their chemistry

Frankincense contains boswellic acids, compounds responsible for many of its health benefits, especially its anti-inflammatory properties.

Myrrh contains terpenoids and sesquiterpenes that give it antimicrobial and analgesic properties.

When used together, these resins can create synergistic effects—a fact recognized in traditional medicine systems for centuries and now being explored by modern research.

A journey through time: the rich history of frankincense and myrrh

Ancient civilizations

The story of these resins spans millennia. Ancient Egyptians used them for embalming, incense, and perfumes. Frankincense burned in temples across Babylon and Rome. Both resins were so valuable they helped establish major trade routes connecting Arabia, Africa, and Asia—known as the “Incense Route.”

The value of these resins was extraordinary—at times, frankincense was literally worth its weight in gold. The demand was so high that entire trade routes developed primarily to transport these precious substances from southern Arabia and northeastern Africa to Mediterranean civilizations.

Religious and spiritual significance

Most famously, frankincense and myrrh were two of the three gifts (along with gold) brought to the infant Jesus by the Magi—signifying their immense value.

Judaism incorporated them into religious ceremonies and temple offerings. Various spiritual traditions continue to use them for purification rituals, meditation, and creating sacred space.

Traditional medicine systems

Ayurvedic practitioners have used frankincense (called “Shallaki” or “Indian Frankincense”) for joint health and inflammation for thousands of years.

Traditional Chinese Medicine prescribes myrrh for blood stagnation and pain relief.

Middle Eastern healers valued both resins for wound healing, respiratory support, and digestive health.

Spiritual and emotional benefits

The spiritual uses of frankincense and myrrh date back to some of humanity’s earliest religious and ceremonial practices. Today, many people continue to incorporate these sacred resins into their spiritual practices.

Traditional spiritual applications

Creating sacred space

Both resins are excellent for creating sacred space for meditation, yoga, or prayer practices:

1. Space clearing: Burn either resin or a combination before spiritual practice to purify the energy of a space. The smoke is traditionally believed to carry prayers upward and drive away negative energies.
2. Meditation enhancement: The aroma of frankincense in particular has been shown to deepen breathing and potentially enhance meditative states. Research suggests certain compounds in frankincense may activate channels in the brain associated with emotions and memory.
3. Grounding practice: When feeling scattered or emotionally unbalanced, try this simple grounding technique:
   • Warm a few tears of frankincense and myrrh on a heat source
   • As the aroma fills the space, take 10 deep breaths
   • With each inhale, imagine drawing in clarity and peace
   • With each exhale, release tension and scattered energy
   • Place your palms on your knees and feel the connection to earth

Emotional support benefits

Real-world spiritual application: Michael, a meditation instructor, incorporates frankincense and myrrh into his group meditation sessions. He burns a small amount as participants enter the space, which both creates a sensory cue that it’s time to transition into a meditative state and establishes an atmosphere conducive to deeper practice. Several participants report that the familiar scent helps them settle into meditation more quickly and achieve deeper states during guided sessions.

Frankincense and myrrh: ancient resins for modern times

These two ancient resins have captivated human imagination for thousands of years. Once valued more than gold, frankincense and myrrh continue to find purpose in our modern lives. This guide explores everything you need to know about these remarkable substances—from their origins to practical uses in your daily routine.

Health benefits of frankincense and myrrh

Anti-inflammatory properties

Research shows frankincense can reduce inflammation through its boswellic acids, which inhibit inflammatory enzymes. Studies suggest benefits for conditions like arthritis and asthma.

Myrrh contains compounds that also reduce inflammatory markers in the body. When combined, these resins may offer enhanced anti-inflammatory effects.

Pain relief (analgesic effects)

The pain-relieving properties of both resins have been documented in several studies. Research indicates they may help with joint pain, headaches, and some types of neuropathic pain.

Topical applications can provide localized relief, while aromatic use may influence pain perception through our nervous system.

Skin health and anti-aging

The skin benefits of frankincense and myrrh rank among their most sought-after properties. Both resins support skin health through multiple mechanisms:

• Antimicrobial protection against acne-causing bacteria
• Wound healing acceleration
• Cell regeneration (frankincense)
• Antioxidant protection (myrrh)
• Inflammation reduction in irritated skin
• Potential improvement of skin tone and elasticity
• Natural astringent properties (especially myrrh)
• Support for collagen production (frankincense)

Research suggests frankincense may help reduce the appearance of scars and fine lines while myrrh can help soothe irritated skin. A 2021 study in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology found that boswellic acids from frankincense improved skin elasticity and reduced the appearance of fine lines when used in a topical formulation for 12 weeks.

Specific skin conditions benefiting from these resins:

Real-world skin care application: Sarah, a 45-year-old with combination skin and early signs of aging, incorporated a frankincense and myrrh facial oil into her nightly routine. After three months of consistent use, she noticed improved skin texture, reduced appearance of fine lines around her eyes, and better overall skin tone. Her simple formulation: 3 drops frankincense, 2 drops myrrh, and 1 tablespoon of jojoba oil, applied after cleansing and before moisturizing.

Immune system support

Frankincense appears to modulate immune function rather than simply boosting it—potentially beneficial for balanced immunity.

Myrrh shows strong antimicrobial and antifungal properties in lab studies, supporting the body’s defense against pathogens.

Oral health

Traditional medicine has long used these resins for oral care. Modern research confirms myrrh’s benefits for gum health and bad breath. Many natural toothpastes and mouthwashes include these ingredients for their antimicrobial properties.

A 2018 study found that frankincense essential oil showed activity against several oral pathogens.

Mood enhancement and stress reduction

Aromatherapy with frankincense creates grounding, calming effects. Its scent may help reduce anxiety and nervous tension.

Myrrh’s warm aroma can be comforting and stabilizing during times of emotional distress.

While scientific research in this area remains limited, many aromatherapists and users report positive effects on mood and stress levels.

Potential anti-cancer properties

Early research suggests certain compounds in both resins may have anti-cancer potential. Lab studies show boswellic acids from frankincense might inhibit growth of specific cancer cells.

Similarly, compounds in myrrh have demonstrated cytotoxic effects against certain cancer cell lines in test tube studies.

Important note: These findings remain preliminary. These resins are not proven cancer treatments and should never replace conventional medical care.

Respiratory health

Both resins have expectorant properties, potentially helping clear congestion and soothe irritated airways. Their anti-inflammatory effects may benefit respiratory conditions marked by inflammation.

Digestive health

Traditional healers have long prescribed these resins for digestive issues. Modern research shows frankincense may help inflammatory bowel conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis by reducing inflammatory markers in the gut.

How to use frankincense and myrrh effectively and safely

Burning resin: the traditional incense experience

What you’ll need:

• Charcoal discs (specifically for incense)
• Heat-proof burner or dish with sand
• Resin tears
• Tongs and a lighter

Step-by-step guide:

1. Place sand in your heat-proof container for safety and heat absorption
2. Light the charcoal disc outdoors or in a well-ventilated area
3. Once the disc begins to spark, place it on the sand
4. Wait until the disc turns gray (about 1-2 minutes)
5. Use tongs to place a few resin tears on the hot disc
6. The resin will melt and release fragrant smoke

Tips: Keep a window open for ventilation. Start with just a small amount of resin. Clean your burner between uses to prevent residue buildup.

Essential oils: aromatherapy and topical applications

Diffusion: Add 5-7 drops to a diffuser with water. Diffuse for 30-60 minutes at a time in well-ventilated spaces.

Topical use:

• Always dilute essential oils before applying to skin. A safe dilution is 2-3 drops of essential oil per teaspoon of carrier oil (like jojoba, almond, or coconut oil).
• Always perform a patch test before wider application by applying a small amount of diluted oil to your inner forearm and waiting 24 hours.

Simple pain relief blend:

• 10 drops frankincense essential oil
• 8 drops myrrh essential oil
• 5 drops lavender essential oil
• 2 tablespoons carrier oil Mix and massage into sore joints or muscles.

Anti-aging facial oil:

• 6 drops frankincense essential oil
• 4 drops myrrh essential oil
• 3 drops lavender essential oil
• 2 tablespoons jojoba oil Apply a few drops to cleansed face at night.

Powders and tinctures

Frankincense powder can be added to homemade face masks (mixed with honey or yogurt) for skin benefits.

Tinctures are taken internally in some traditional practices, but should only be used under guidance from a qualified healthcare provider.

Frankincense and myrrh in skincare products

When shopping for products containing these ingredients, look for:

• Botanical names (Boswellia/Commiphora species)
• Higher placement on ingredient lists (indicates higher concentration)
• Absence of synthetic fragrance (often listed as “fragrance” or “parfum”)

DIY face mask recipe:

• 1 tablespoon clay (white or green)
• 1/4 teaspoon frankincense powder
• 3 drops myrrh essential oil
• Enough rosewater to form a paste Apply to clean skin for 10-15 minutes, then rinse.

Precautions and safety guidelines

While generally safe for most people when used properly, be aware of these precautions:

• Potential side effects include skin irritation and digestive upset.
• These resins might interact with certain medications, especially blood-thinners and anti-inflammatory drugs.
• Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid therapeutic doses.
• Those with sensitive skin should always dilute essential oils properly and conduct patch tests.
• Internal use should only occur under professional guidance.

Always consult a healthcare provider before using these or any natural remedies for health concerns.

Choosing and buying quality frankincense and myrrh

Understanding different grades and types

Frankincense varieties:

• Hojari (from Oman): Considered the finest quality with a lemony, bright aroma. Royal Hojari is the premium grade.
• Carterii (from Somalia): More common, with a warm, slightly citrusy scent.
• Serrata (from India): Earthy with pine notes, traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine.

Myrrh varieties:

• True Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha): The classic variety with a rich, bitter-sweet aroma.
• Sweet Myrrh or Opoponax (Commiphora guidottii): Sweeter and more vanilla-like than true myrrh.

What to look for when buying

Resin quality indicators:

• Clean, translucent tears with minimal dust
• Strong, pleasant aroma when warmed
• Proper color (pale yellow to white for frankincense; reddish-brown for myrrh)

Essential oil quality indicators:

• 100% pure (no fillers)
• Steam-distilled (not extracted with solvents)
• Botanical name and country of origin clearly listed
• Comes in dark glass bottles
• Reputable brands with testing documentation

Supplements quality indicators:

• Standardized extract (listing percentage of active compounds)
• Free from unnecessary fillers and additives
• Third-party testing for purity and potency

Ethical sourcing and sustainability

Growing demand has led to overharvesting of Boswellia trees in some regions. Trees need proper rest between harvests to remain healthy.

Look for companies that:

• Partner directly with harvesting communities
• Support sustainable harvesting practices
• Participate in tree conservation efforts
• Provide fair compensation to local harvesters

Reputable suppliers will share information about their sourcing practices and sustainability efforts.

Conclusion

Frankincense and myrrh offer a beautiful bridge between ancient traditions and contemporary wellness practices. Their benefits—backed by both traditional knowledge and emerging science—make them valuable additions to your self-care routine.

Whether you’re seeking natural support for inflammatory conditions, exploring aromatherapy for emotional wellbeing, or simply connecting with practices that have sustained humanity for millennia, these aromatic resins offer multiple pathways to enhance your health and environment.

As with any natural substance, approach them with knowledge, respect, and appropriate caution. When used wisely, frankincense and myrrh can be part of a holistic approach to wellness that honors both scientific understanding and traditional wisdom.

Key takeaways

• Frankincense and myrrh are plant resins with thousands of years of traditional use
• Both offer evidence-based benefits for inflammation, skin health, and respiratory conditions
• They can be used as incense, essential oils, or topical preparations
• Different varieties offer distinct aromas and slightly different benefits
• Quality varies widely—knowing what to look for ensures the best results

FAQs

What’s the difference between frankincense and myrrh?

Can I ingest frankincense and myrrh?

Internal use of these resins is a complex topic. In traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine, specific preparations of frankincense and myrrh have been used internally for thousands of years. However, modern essential oils are highly concentrated and generally not suitable for internal use without professional guidance.

Some points to consider:

• Essential oils: Not recommended for internal use without professional guidance. They’re highly concentrated and can irritate mucous membranes and potentially harm the digestive tract.
• Supplements: Standardized extracts in capsule form are available and have been used in some clinical studies, particularly for inflammatory conditions. These should be used only as directed and with healthcare provider knowledge.
• Traditional preparations: In some traditional medicine systems, small amounts of the resins themselves are used in specific preparations. These traditional methods typically involve careful processing and often combining with other ingredients.
• Safety concerns: Internal use can potentially interact with medications, especially blood thinners and anti-inflammatory drugs. People with certain health conditions, pregnant women, and children should be particularly cautious.

Important: Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider before using any form of frankincense or myrrh internally. Self-prescribing without proper knowledge can be dangerous.

Where do frankincense and myrrh come from?

Frankincense primarily comes from:

• Oman (particularly the Dhofar region) – home to the highest quality frankincense
• Yemen
• Somalia and Somaliland
• Ethiopia
• Sudan
• India (Boswellia serrata variety)

Myrrh primarily comes from:

• Somalia
• Ethiopia
• Yemen
• Sudan
• Kenya (in smaller quantities)

These trees thrive in harsh, arid environments with rocky soil. The growing regions have remained remarkably consistent throughout history, with many of the same areas producing these resins for thousands of years.

What do frankincense and myrrh look like?

Frankincense:

• Appears as “tears” or pebble-like pieces
• Typically pale yellow, white, or sometimes with a greenish tint
• Sizes range from small pebbles to pieces the size of a quarter
• Surface often appears dusty or frosted
• When broken, reveals a waxy, translucent interior
• Becomes sticky when heated

Myrrh:

• Irregular chunks or “tears”
• Reddish-brown to almost black in color
• Often has a reddish tinge when broken
• Generally more dense and heavier than frankincense
• Sometimes has a dusty surface
• Becomes gummy and thick when heated

Both resins will soften and release their aroma when warmed but harden again when cooled.

Can frankincense and myrrh be used for pets?

Exercise extreme caution when considering these substances for pets. Animals, especially cats, can be very sensitive to essential oils and resins due to differences in their metabolism.

• Never apply undiluted essential oils to pets
• Avoid diffusing essential oils in enclosed spaces with pets, particularly birds and cats
• Never allow pets to ingest these substances
• Always ensure pets can leave a room where resins are being burned
• Consult a veterinarian trained in integrative medicine before using these substances around pets

Some integrative veterinarians may recommend highly diluted preparations for specific conditions, but this should only be done under professional guidance.

How do I know if I’m buying good quality frankincense and myrrh?

Quality indicators for resins:

• Color: Good quality frankincense should be pale and translucent; myrrh should have a rich, reddish-brown color
• Aroma: When warmed, the scent should be complex and pleasant, not harsh or faint
• Purity: Minimal dust, bark, or other debris
• Size: Larger tears typically indicate careful harvesting and handling

Quality indicators for essential oils:

• Testing: GC/MS (Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry) test results available
• Botanical name: Full Latin name listed
• Origin: Country of origin clearly stated
• Extraction method: Should be steam distilled
• No additives: Label should indicate 100% pure essential oil

Are there sustainability concerns with frankincense and myrrh?

Yes, particularly with frankincense. The increasing global demand has led to overharvesting in some regions. Boswellia trees are slow-growing and can take 8-10 years before they produce resin. Some key concerns:

• Studies suggest frankincense tree populations in parts of Ethiopia and Somalia have declined by 40% in the last two decades
• Overharvesting can damage trees, reducing future yields and threatening tree survival
• Climate change is affecting the arid regions where these trees grow
• Political instability in some growing regions has disrupted sustainable harvesting practices

To support sustainability:

1. Purchase from companies that participate in sustainability programs
2. Look for certifications like Fair Wild or organic certifications
3. Be willing to pay a fair price that supports sustainable harvesting practices
4. Use these precious resources mindfully